Monday, July 29, 2013
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Tuesday, March 5, 2013
Quantum Physics - Healing Meditation Middle Pillar
Healing Middle Pillar
The laws of Spiritual Quantum Physics tell us that all is energy. You are energy. I am energy, the planet, Solar system, Galaxy and Universe are all energies. All these energies are contained in the timeless, space-less, infinite point called the Quantum Ocean, Mind of God. God is energy and within this mind are divine blueprints for man, planets, galaxies etc. Everything that is, was or will be exists in the Mind of God, Quantum Ocean as a Divine Energy blueprint or Matrix. There is a Divine Blueprint for Man's perfect Health. As long as we understand our individual Divine blueprints called our physical, mental and emotional bodies, we will remain healthy. But when we deviate from this by replacing Divine Blueprints with man-made blueprints, illness, sickness or Dis-ease occurs. The ancients knew that man was not his physical body, nor his thoughts, nor his feelings. He is a Soul that creates his own physical, mental and emotional bodies.
There is a specific Divine Blueprint for the healthy functioning of every one of us. The Eastern Seers called these non-physical structures within the human body, the Chakras. They also knew that any physical, mental or emotional problems you may have are caused by a blockage of energy, Chi, Prana or Life force in any of these Chakras. As long as you kept these Chakras unblocked and flowing with life force, you will remain healthy. Any blockages caused by negative thoughts, feelings or actions will either stop or slow down the energy flow. Therefore one of the keys to perfect health is the continuous flow of life force through your Chakra system. The Middle Pillar meditation is one of the most powerful healing devices you can use to attain and maintain health. It is cumulative and only takes about ½ hour every morning. That is a small enough price to pay to maintain good health. The Middle Pillar Meditation is based on the Divine Blueprints of Man's Chakra system. This system tells us that there exists a non-physical pillar of energy Chakras through out your body. Each on of these Chakras can be considered to be a sphere about the size of basket ball.
Quantum Physics - Healing Meditation Middle Pillar
There are Five of these Chakras. One, the Crown Chakra exists about four inches above your head. The Second Chakra is your Throat Chakra. Third is Heart and Solar Plexis Chakras. Fourth is your Genital Chakras, and Fifth is your Ground Chakra where your feet touch the Earth. Connecting all these Chakras is a hollow tube. This tube connects the Crown Chakras with the Neck Chakras. The Neck chakra with the Heart Chakra. The Heart Chakra with the Genital Chakra, the Genital Chakra with the Ground Chakra. This is the Divine Blueprint of Man's energy system. When someone says, "Thy will, not my will be done." it is not a religious prayer. It is an understanding that you live your life according to the energies of the the Divine blueprints, and not the energies of Man made false blueprints. These are what is causing all the pain and suffering in the world. By starting a daily practice of Middle Pillar Healing meditation, you will be recreating your physical, mental and emotional energy bodies congruent to your Divine Blueprint. You will be amazed how your life will change once you start to keep the Life-Force flowing throughout your five Chakras. Take care of your Life-Force flow and the world you attract around yourself will take care of itself.
Remember, "The kingdom of Heaven (health, wealth and love) is within. Your individual "within" creates your individual "without." Let's get started: In the morning before you go out to work is the best time to do your Middle Pillar Healing Meditation. But any time of the day will work. Remember also, repetition is Heaven's first Law. Middle Pillar Healing Meditation: Sit comfortably in your favorite chair and breathe slowly and deeply. Now start your meditation by visualizing your Middle Pillar Chakra system as described above.
Visualize a basket ball size sphere about 4" above your head. This is your Crown Chakra. The reason it does not touch your head is because it is also connected to the non-physical world of the quantum ocean. Now visualize a basket back sized sphere at your throat area. Now a basket ball size sphere at your heart and solar plexus area. Now a basket ball size sphere at your genital area. Now a basket ball size sphere at your feet or ground area. You now have visualized the 5 spheres of your middle pillars.
Now start to visualize a 3" tube running from head to feet. It starts with the Crown chakra and goes to the throat chakra. Then from the throat chakra to the heart chakra. They from the heart chakra to the genital chakra. From the genital chakra to the ground chakra. You mow have visualized an empty Middle Pillar Matrix within your body. Let us fill it will healing white energy. Start with the Crown Chakra. Visualize it filling with dynamic, healing, vibrating, sparkling, pulsating white energy. It sparkles like a fourth of July sparkler. Now start the flow.
The healing white energy starts to flow down the 3" throat chakra. The throat chakra now filled ups with healing, sparkling, pulsating, dynamic white healing energy. When the throat chakra is filled it starts down the 3" tube to the heart chakra. The heart chakra fills with powerful healing, pulsating, dynamic, white healing light energy. When the heart chakra is full the energy flows down the 3" tube to the genital chakra. The genital chakra fills with the powerful, pulsating, dynamic, sparkling white healing energy. When the genital chakra is full it starts to flow down the 3" tube to the ground chakra. The ground chakra fills with dynamic, powerful, pulsating healing white light energy. You now have a powerful Complete Middle Pillar Energy Chakra matrix slowing and pulsating with white healing energy. Bathe in it for a minute. Enjoy the feeling of powerful energy flowing through the middle of your body.
Now the Rings on Energy.
From the Crown chakra a stream of white healing pulsating energy starts to pour out and down the left side of your body. It is about 3" wide. It is pulsating and vibrating. This 3" ribbon flows down the left side of your face. Down your neck, your shoulder, your left arm, our hip, your thigh, your knee, your leg all the way down to your left ankle. Then this 3" ribbon of healing white light goes under your foot and up the right ankle. Then the right leg, thigh, elbow, arm, shoulder, neck side of head and into the Crown chakra. You have a 3" ring of white healing, pulsating, dynamic healing white light circling your body from left to right. From your Crown chakra down under your feet and up to the Crown chakra again.
Now a second ring of healing energy. A 2" ribbon of white healing light starts out of your Crown chakra and starts to flow down the front of your body. Down your forehead, your eyes, your nose, your lips, your chin, your neck, your chest, your stomach, your genitals, your thighs, your knees, your legs all the way down to your feet. This 3" ribbon of white healing, pulsating, sparkling white light goes under your feet and starts up the back at your ankles. Then the back of your legs, your thighs, your buttocks, into the bottom of you spine at the coccyx, Up the spine and out the medulla oblangata to the Crown chakra. You now have two powerful rings around your body. One from left to right and one from front to back. Sit there and bask in the energy of the middle pillar with the 5 sparkling, pulsating spheres and the 3" tube down the center. Then feel the energy of the 2 rings as they spin around your body from front to back and left to right.
Now from the ground chakra a 3" ribbon of whit healing light starts to wrap itself around your ankles. It is like an ace bandage and starts to wrap you like a right mummies bandage. The 3" ribbon wraps your legs, your thighs, your buttocks and genitals. Your lower back, your back, your chest, your arms, your shoulders, your neck your face and head and into the Crown chakra. You are tightly wrapped in a 3" ribbon of powerful, pulsating, healing white light. You have your middle pillar of 5 spheres, your 3" tube down the center of your body, one ring going left to right around your body and one ring going front to back. Now a complete wrap of energy. Stop a minute and feel this pulsating, powerful dynamic white light energy flowing all around the outside and inside your body. Now visualize a stream of powerful, healing, dynamic, white light energy starting out of your ground chakra and rushing up through the tube to your genital chakra, then up the tube to your heart chakra, then op the tube to your Crown chakra.
This powerful stream of healing, white dynamic light bursts out of the top of your Crown chakra and and forms a fountain of energy. This white haling energy now cascades down your whole body washing every inch of your body with white, healing, dynamic, pulsating energy. You are literally taking a shower in white, healing, energy. When you are completely soaked in the energy... Now with the power of your will push this energy out from your body till it forms a shell. This shell should be about 3-4 inches around your body. It conforms to your body exactly. You are sitting in the middle of this shell. Now the shell fills up with white, healing, pulsating, dynamic, energy. You are siting in a shell filled with white dynamic, healing energy. Soaked in it for a minute or two.
Then intone or out load say:
"I AM NOW INHALING THE DYNAMIC HEALING POWER OF THE WHITE LIGHT INTO EVERY CELL OF MY BODY."
Take a deep breath. Do this three times. You now have white healing light in every cell in your body. HEALING WILL BEGIN. Remember ½ hour a day. My next article I will share with you how to add the healing colors of the rainbow to the meditation.
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Ragnar Storyteller (AKA Ellis Peterson is a Korean War Vet living with his wife Lory and dog Dixie in the boonies of the Pocono Mountains. He is a retired math professor and electronics engineer. He has written over 200 articles and booklets on runes, radionics, quantum physics, viking history, orgone generators and alternate healing methods. Ragnar is 70+ but looks 50's thanks to his inventions. You can see more of his works on his website: Ragnar Storyteller's un-politcally correct writings on quantum physics and other stuff. click:
http://www.runes-for-health-wealth-love-now.com/
or
http://www.quantum-physics-spirituality.com/
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Monday, February 25, 2013
Science Fair Abstracts - How to Write an Abstract
A science fair abstract is an abbreviated report or a summary in brief of the entire project. It is one of the last job of the science project but is of immense importance. It states the essential and most important things about the project. The science fair abstract in a clear and easy language gives the important outlines of the entire project. The abstract is generally around 250 words in length. It should appear at the beginning while preparing the project report and it should also be placed at the display board of the fair. The science fair abstract, when placed at the display board, gives the spectators the condensed version comprising the main elements of the project.
Science fair abstract helps people determine if they want to read the full report. Much more people will read the abstract as any other part of the work. It's like an advertisement speaking for the work done. If one wants the jury and audience to be excited about one's science fair project, then writing an exciting, engaging abstract is always suggested.
Since a science fair abstract is so short, each section is usually only one or two sentences long. Consequently, every word is important to conveying message. If a word is boring or vague, it will provide distraction. If a word is not adding something important it should be omitted But, even with the abstract's brief length, don't be afraid to reinforce a key point by stating it in more than one way or referring to it in more than one section.
Science Fair Abstracts - How to Write an Abstract
The science fair abstract should always include the following parts -
* Introduction--This is your project's purpose statement i.e. why was the project undertaken
* Problem Statement--It lays down the hypothesis of the project
* Procedure--give the description of your variables, your approach towards the investigation
* Results--give specific data and the synopsis of the results obtained
* Conclusion--state clearly the conclusion derived
While writing the abstract for the science project one should follow certain specific guidelines and avoid the following -
* Uncommon scientific terms which most people aren't aware of
* Abbreviations and short forms
* Charts and tables
* Acknowledgements
Given below is an outline to write a science project abstract:
* Title
* Introduction (genera idea about the project)
* Problem statement and the hypothesis (what is that is to be established) Methodology (process employed, materials used etc.)
* Analysis of data (what indication does the data gives)
* Conclusion (what results were found)
* Application (how is the finding of help)
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Jordan Matthews is a High School Math and Science teacher who has worked as a judge and a coordinator of many science fairs. Check his Science Fair Project ideas website for some more ideas and information about different types of papers and how to write up a scientific report.
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Saturday, February 16, 2013
The Laws of Physics and How They Affect Driving
Increased speed makes the laws of physics become more and more important to the driver. These laws, although not enforced by a policeman or written by a law producing body, are absolutely binding on all drivers, and no one can relax their effect. The laws of physics control any and every object that moves. The particular laws which apply to driving cover areas such as friction, centrifugal force and inertia, impact, and gravity. You should always remember that these laws apply to city driving as well as to driving on the highway, because their significance increases proportionately with the speed at which you are travelling. However, this article on highway driving would seem the best place to discuss their importance.
Proper sight requires sufficient light and time for a picture to impose itself on the retina of the eye, be relayed to the brain, and thereby trigger a reaction by the driver. This means that traffic signs, signals, and pavement markings become increasingly important when driving at higher speeds. These give the driver advance warning of any curves, hills, intersections, or railway crossings that may be ahead, as well as intended maneuvers by other drivers. A driver must learn to recognize all signs and signals instantly, for at higher speeds the time for recognition and reaction becomes shorter and shorter. To facilitate recognition, signs and signals throughout the United States are standardized by shape and color and can reflect light to be seen at night. Remember, it takes time to observe a sign, signal, or condition, and then react to it. Reaction time for a given driver is fairly constant, but the distance travelled in this time is directly related to speed. Therefore, stopping distances and distances required for evasive action become greater as speed is increased.
Friction
The Laws of Physics and How They Affect Driving
Friction is the force which opposes the motion of one surface over another, and is the means through which a vehicle may move in a straight line, or may turn or stop. This force is exerted entirely through four small friction areas, also known as, tires. If we assume that the average reaction time is 0.75 seconds than common sense tells us that the faster the car is travelling, the greater the distance it will take to stop. The difference in stopping distance from 40 miles per hour to 70 miles per hour is approximately 3.5 times greater. This means that if you can stop within 100 feet at 40 miles per hour, you will need 350 feet of leeway to stop travelling at 70 miles per hour.
These conditions only occur part of the time, however: should the force of friction be reduced by ice, snow, rain, oil, mud, loose gravel, a rough surface, or poor tires, then stopping distances will increase drastically and evasive maneuvers will become much more difficult, or even impossible. Because stopping distance increases more rapidly than speed, it is important to allow a greater distance between your car and the car in front as your speed increases.
Inertia and Centrifugal Force
If at any time the frictional force, or traction, between the four small areas of the tire and road surface are lost, control is lost as well, and one or both of the following physical forces may determine the situation: inertia, the tendency of a moving body to keep moving in a straight line unless an outside force acts to change its direction of motion; and centrifugal force, the tendency of a moving body turning about a center to fly away from that center. Centrifugal force can be demonstrated by placing a weight on the end of a string and swinging it in a circular motion. If the string is release or breaks, the weight will leave the circular path and continue in a straight line.
Obviously, a similar effect can happen to a turning vehicle. A car driving around a curve must overcome the centrifugal force in order to make the turn. If the centrifugal force is greater than the friction between the tires and the road, the car will not be able to turn, but will skid off the highway. The key point is that the friction increases with speed, but the centrifugal force increases even more rapidly. Therefore, the faster your speed, or the sharper the turn, the greater is the chance that you will be unable to get around safely. If you remember this principle, you will realize that you must slow down before entering a curve, especially if the road is slightly slippery
Brakes should never be applied after entering a curve, as this has a tendency to reduce the friction between the wheels and the road. Remember, friction enables you to move your car, control it, and stop it. When you consider that for each tire the area touching the road surface is about equal to the size of your hand, it is understandable that many factors can cause loss of friction, and resultant loss of control. The greater the speed, the greater the possibility this may happen - and the greater the consequences. Speed must always be adjusted to suit road conditions.
As well as the speed of the car, another factor determining whether or not you will be able to make a turn safely is the angle at which the road is banked through the curve. The easiest is a banked turn (similar to a race track); the second, a flat road surface; and the third, a crowned surface. The flat road surface is dangerous at high speed, and in comparison, in a turn, the crowned surface can only be negotiated at low speeds because the car is tilted against the direction of the curve. On entering sharp curves, there is usually an advisory speed sign posted, telling you the speed at which the curve may be safely taken. One who ignores these signs is indeed a very foolish driver.
Kinetic Energy and the Force of Impact
If control of a car is lost, the usual result is collision, either with another car or with a fixed object. The all important variable in this situation is the force of impact. The force of impact itself is a function of the speed and the weight of the car. If you double the speed of a car before a collision, the force of impact is four times as great. If you triple the speed of the car before collision, the force of impact is multiplied nine times! Weight also has a part to play here; if the weight of the vehicle doubles, the force of impact doubles too. The total result of doubling the speed and the weight of the vehicle would be to increase the force of impact eight times. Therefore, any collision would necessarily be eight times as damaging. In effect, the impact of hitting a solid object at 30 miles per hour is like driving off a three story building.
Highway engineers use several techniques to reduce the force of impact in cases of unavoidable contact with surrounding objects. Smooth metal guard rails allow a car to glance off rather than hit solidly. Wide road shoulders, free of obstacles such as trees, culverts, and bridge abutments, help to reduce the hazard. Where light and sign standards are essential, these poles are designed to sheer or break off easily on contact. The best way to make sure that the force of impact does not act upon your car is to drive at all times in a manner which will avoid collision with any and all objects!
The Force of Gravity
Gravity - the force which attracts objects downwards towards the center of the earth - will cause cars to lose speed going up hills, thereby decreasing their stopping distances; and to accelerate going down hills, thereby increasing their stopping distances.
A good driver will cut his speed when descending a hill; on steep grades, he should put his gear selector into low, so that the engine of the car will act as a brake. Hills are potential driving hazards for other reasons also. They limit visibility; the driver should not pass on or approaching a hill, no matter how slowly the vehicles in front are moving, unless there is a passing lane. At the crest of a hill, the driver must be alert for approaching cars not in their proper lane, or for obstacles in the road ahead, such as a car stopped while waiting to make a left turn. Remember that you must be able to stop your vehicle in the distance you can see ahead either day or night.
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My name is Kris Kolanko. I am co-owner and operator of the site http://www.wannadrive.com. Our goal is to provide new and current drivers with information and education products that will help them obtain a license or find a driving school, anywhere in the United States. Feel free to explore our site and take advantage of all we have to offer.
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Saturday, February 9, 2013
How to Win Back a Pisces Man - Powerful Tips to Make Him Love You Again
You love a Pisces man. Unfortunately, at the moment you're not with him. Going through a break up has to be one of the most emotionally challenging things a woman ever faces. You wake up each day thinking about him and your last thought before you fall asleep is about what life would be like if you could be with him again.
Moving forward after going through a break with a Pisces man is all about regrouping. You have to think about what tore the two of you apart and what you can do to repair things now. There are many issues that can come between a couple and for the most part, with some time, an apology and positive changes, the relationship can be rebuilt.
Because Pisces men are so romantic, your apology is going to have to be as well. If you just call him up and tell him you're sorry for the break up, it's not going to have enough of an impact on him. You have to step it up a notch. A great approach to take is to write him a thoughtful love letter. Pour your heart out, make it clear to him how much you need him and tell him that you wish you two could be together again. If you're not comfortable expressing yourself through the written word, talk to him in person instead. Invite him out to his favorite restaurant, get dressed up in an outfit you know he loves and then let him know how much he truly means to you. This gesture will go a very long ways towards rebuilding the broken bond.
How to Win Back a Pisces Man - Powerful Tips to Make Him Love You Again
In order to win back the heart of a Pisces man, a woman has to be willing to make some changes to herself. If he loved the woman you are at the moment, he'd be with you. Everyone has room to make improvements in themselves. Consider what behavior patterns may have played a part in pulling the two of you apart. It's those things that your focus should be on now. If you can show your ex Pisces that you're willing to change for him, he'll be blown away by that. To him, that's one of the most romantic things a woman can do.
Always be mindful of how sensitive Pisces men are as you work through the process of rebuilding your relationship. Be kind to him and always considerate of what he needs from you. Don't jump to conclusions and don't be overly dramatic. Show him that you will always be his safe place in the world and he'll never want to leave you again.
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Learn exactly what you need to be doing and saying to win your Pisces man back. Doing the wrong thing can mean the end of the relationship forever.
Don't give up on him if you believe he's the man you are meant to be with. There are specific methods you can use that will make you irresistible to him again.
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Wednesday, February 6, 2013
How to Build a Crane
Learning how to build a crane is not as complicated as one might think. I mean, cranes seem like gigantic ridiculously complex machines that defy the laws of physics to build massive structure, but really they are quite simple in construction! I had to build a small scale crane for a physics class and it was very interesting. I am going to tell how a crane works and how to build a crane if you sit it fit to do so!
All machinery consists of a few simple concepts to move heavy objects. These are called the 6 simple machines. You use them to leverage weight against something to amplify its effect. In this case, we are putting some of these simple machines together with some hydraulic power to make a super construction device!
The first thing any crane needs is a counter balance. You see, having all the weight of object that high up and so far away from the center of the crane will cause extreme weight to be exerted on the crane itself. So in order to stop that, we need to make the base of the crane super heavy. You need to take into consideration how much your crane will be lifting. All cranes are made for different projects so it needs to be built accordingly.
How to Build a Crane
The next thing to consider about your crane is height. How tall of an object will you be working on? Is it a huge tall building or a lower bridge? Having your crane too tall or not tall enough can really make the difference in a successful project and disaster. This is especially true when you start thinking about counterbalances for all the weight!
I know that it is unlikely that you are actually thinking about building a crane, but I found the process very fun and interesting. If you like to work on little projects at home and do it yourself stuff, you might want to give it a try!
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Now that you know more on how to build a crane, you might want to give it a shot. Here is a website that might help you get supplies for free - How to Build A Crane
You might be surprised how much fun you have building one of these babies. You never know, building random stuff is a fun hobby! Maybe you would enjoy it.
Thank you for reading and good luck building!
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Sunday, February 3, 2013
Motorcycle Tire Basics
This is the first in a series of articles exploring motorcycle tire basics and various basic dynamic characteristics of the handling behavior of motorcycles. Overall this is a very complex subject
and needs a good level of mathematics and physics to properly understand what's happening.
However, in these articles I'll try and explain the basics with the absolute minimum of mathematics,
but where this is unavoidable I'll not go beyond simple trigonometry. For those that are unhappy
with any mathematics at all, don't worry, just skip those parts and the rest should still prove useful.
I'll try and illustrate the mechanics with many sketches and graphs.
It seems incredible that just two small contact patches of rubber, can support our machines and
manage to deliver large amounts of power to the road, whilst at the same time supporting cornering
forces at least as much as the weight of the bike and rider. As such the tires exert perhaps the single
most important influence over general handling characteristics, so it seems appropriate to study their
characteristics before the other various aspects of chassis design.
When Newton first expounded to the world his theories of mechanics, no doubt he had on his mind,
things other than the interaction of motorcycle tires with the road surface. Never-the-less his
suppositions are equally valid for this situation. In particular his third law states, "For every force there
is an equal and opposite force to resist it." or to put it another way "Action and reaction are equal and
opposite."
Relating this to tire action, means that when the tire is pushing on the road then the road is pushing
back equally hard on the tire. This applies equally well regardless of whether we are looking at
supporting the weight of the bike or resisting cornering, braking or driving loads.
What this particular law of Newton does not concern itself with, is which force is the originating one nor
indeed does it matter for many purposes of analysis. However, as a guide to the understanding of
some physical systems it is often useful to mentally separate the action from the reaction.
The forces that occur between the ground and the tires determine so much the behaviour of our
machines, but they are so often taken for granted. tires really perform such a multitude of different
tasks and their apparent simplicity hides the degree of engineering sophistication that goes into their
design and fabrication. Initially pneumatic tires were fitted to improve comfort and reduce loads on
the wheels. Even with modern suspension systems it is still the tires that provide the first line of
defence for absorbing road shocks.
To explore carcass construction, tread compound and tread pattern in great detail is beyond the scope
of this book. Rather we are concerned here with some basic principles and their effects on handling
characteristics.
Motorcycle Tire Basics
Weight Support
The most obvious function of the tire is to support the weight of the machine, whether upright or
leaning over in a corner. However, the actual mechanism by which the air pressure and tire passes
the wheel load to the road is often misunderstood. Consider fig. 1, this sketch represents a slice
through the bottom of a rim and tire of unit thickness with an inflation pressure of P. The left hand
side shows the wheel unloaded and the right hand side shows it supporting the weight F. When
loaded the tire is compressed vertically and the width increases as shown, perhaps surprisingly the
internal air pressure does not change significantly with load, the internal volume is little changed.
At the widest section (X1) of the unloaded tire the internal half width is W1, and so the force normal to
this section due to the internal pressure is simply 2.P.W1 . This force acts upwards towards the wheel
rim, but as the pressure and tire width are evenly distributed around the circumference the overall
effect is completely balanced. This force also has to be resisted by an equal tension (T) in the tire
carcass.
The loaded tire has a half width of W2 at it's widest section (X2) and so the normal force is 2.P.W2 .
Therefore, the extra force over this section, when loaded, is 2.P.(W2 - W1) but as the tire is only
widened over a small portion of the bottom part of the circumference, this force supports the load F.
The above describes how the inflation pressure and tire width increase produce forces to oppose the
vertical wheel loading, but does not completely explain the detail of the mechanism by which these
forces are transferred to the rim. The bead of a fitted tire is an interference fit over the bead seat of
the wheel rim, which puts this area into compression, the in-line component of the side-wall tension
due to the inflation pressure reduces this compression somewhat. This component is shown as F1 on
the unloaded half of F1 = T.cos(U1). The greater angle U2 of the side-wall when loaded means
that the in-line component of the tension is reduced, thereby also restoring some of the rim to tire
bead compression. This only happens in the lower part of the tire circumference, where the widening
takes place. So there is a nett increase in the compressive force on the lower rim acting upward, this
supports the bike weight. The nett force is the difference between the unloaded and loaded in-line
forces,
F = T.(cos( U1) -cos(U2))
The left hand side shows half of an inflated but
unloaded tire, a tension (T) is created in the carcass by
the internal pressure. To the right, the compressed and
widened shape of the loaded tire is shown.
Suspension Action
In performing this function the pneumatic tire is the first object that feels any road shocks and so acts
as the most important element in the machine's suspension system. To the extent that, whilst
uncomfortable, it would be quite feasible to ride a bike around the roads, at reasonable speeds with no
other form of bump absorption. In fact rear suspension was not at all common until the 1940s or 50s.
Whereas, regardless of the sophistication of the conventional suspension system, it would be quite
impractical to use wheels without pneumatic tires, or some other form of tire that allowed
considerable bump deflection. The loads fed into the wheels without such tires would be enormous at
all but slow speeds, and continual wheel failure would be the norm.
A few figures will illustrate what I mean:--Assume that a bike, with a normal size front wheel, hits a 25
mm, sharp edged bump at 190 km/h. This not a large bump.
With no tire the wheel would then be subject to an average vertical acceleration of approximately
1000 G. (the peak value would be higher than this). This means than if the wheel and brake
assembly had a mass of 25 kg. then the average point load on the rim would be 245 kN. or about 25
tons. What wheel could stand that? If the wheel was shod with a normal tire, then this would have at
ground level, a spring rate, to a sharp edge, of approx. 17-35 N/mm. The maximum force then
transmitted to the wheel for a 25 mm. step would be about 425-875 N. i.e. less than four thousandths
of the previous figure, and this load would be more evenly spread around the rim. Without the tire the
shock loads passed back to the sprung part of the bike would be much higher too. The vertical wheel
velocity would be very much greater, and so the bump damping forces, which depend on wheel
velocity, would be tremendous. These high forces would be transmitted directly back to bike and rider.
The following five charts show some results of a computer simulation of accelerations and
displacements on a typical road motorcycle, and illustrate the tire's significance to comfort and road
holding. The bike is traveling at 100 km/h. and the front wheel hits a 0.025 metre high step at 0.1
seconds. Note that the time scales vary from graph to graph.
Three cases are considered:
· With typical vertical tire stiffness and typical suspension springing and damping.
· With identical tire properties but with a suspension spring rate of 100 X that of the previous.
· With tire stiffness 100 X the above and with normal suspension springing.
So basically we are considering a typical case, another case with almost no suspension springing and
the final case is with a virtually rigid tire. Structural loading, comfort and roadholding would all be adversely
affected without the initial cushioning of the tire. Note that the above charts are not all to the same time scale,
this is simply to better illustrate the appropriate points.
This shows the vertical displacement of the front wheel. There is little difference between the maximum
displacements for the two cases with a normal tire, for a small step the front tire absorbs most of the shock. However,
in the case of a very stiff tire, the wheel movement is increased by a factor of about 10 times. It is obvious that the tire
leaves the ground in this case and the landing bounces can be seen after 0.5 seconds.
These curves show the vertical movement of the C of G of the bike and rider. As in Fig 1 it is clear that the stiff tire
causes much higher bike movements, to the obvious detriment of comfort.
Demonstrating the different accelerations transmitted to the bike and rider, these curves show the vertical
accelerations at the C of G. Both of the stiffer tire or stiffer suspension cases show similar values of about 5 or 6 times
that of the normal case, but the shape of the two curves is quite different. With the stiff suspension there is little
damping and we can see that it takes a few cycles to settle down. The second bump at around 0.155 seconds is when the
rear wheel hits the step, this rear wheel response is not shown on the other graphs for clarity.
Front wheel vertical acceleration for the two cases with a normal tire. The early part is similar for the two cases,
the suspension has little effect here, it is tire deflection that is the most important for this height of step. As in Fig 5 the
lack of suspension damping allows the tire to bounce for a few cycles before settling down.
As in these curves are of the wheel acceleration, the values of the normal case are overwhelmed by the stiff
tire case, with a peak value of close to 600 G compared with nearly 80 G normally. Again note the effects of the landing
bounces after 0.5 seconds. This high acceleration would cause very high structural loading.
As the tire is so good at removing most of the road shocks, right at the point of application, perhaps it
would be worth while to consider designing it to absorb even more and eliminate the need for other
suspension. Unfortunately we would run into other problems. We have all seen large construction
machinery bouncing down the road on their balloon tires, sometimes this gets so violent that the
wheels actually leave the ground. A pneumatic tire acts just like an air spring, and the rubber acts as
a damper when it flexes, but when the tire is made bigger the springing effect overwhelms the
damping and we then get the uncontrolled bouncing. So there are practical restraints to the amount of
cushioning that can be built into a tire for any given application.
Effects of Tire Pressure
Obviously, the springing characteristics mentioned above are largely affected by the tire inflation
pressure, but there are other influences also. Carcass material and construction and the properties
and tread pattern of the outer layer of rubber all have an effect on both the springing properties and
the area in contact with the ground (contact patch). Under and over inflation both allow the tire to
assume non-optimum cross-sectional shapes, additionally the inflation pressure exerts an influence
over the lateral flexibility of a tire and this is a property of the utmost importance to motorcycle
stability. Manufacturers' recommendations should always be adhered to.
The influence of tire pressure on the vertical stiffness of an inflated tire, when loaded on
a flat surface. These curves are from actual measured data. Note that the spring rate is close to
linear over the full range of loading and varies from 14 kgf/mm. at 1.9 bar pressure to 19 kgf/mm. at
2.9 bar. The effective spring rate when the tire is loaded against a sharp edge, such as a brick, is
considerably lower than this, and is more non-linear due to the changing shape of the contact area as
the tire "wraps" around the object.
This spring rate acts in series with the suspension springs and is an important part of the overall
suspension system. An interesting property of rubber is that when compressed and released it
doesn't usually return exactly to it's original position, this is known as hysteresis. This effect is shown
only for the 1.9 bar. case, the curve drawn during the loading phase is not followed during the
unloading phase. The area between these two curves represents a loss of energy which results in
tire heating and also acts as a form of suspension damping. In this particular case the energy lost
over one loading and unloading cycle is approximately 10% of the total stored energy in the
compressed tire, and is a significant parameter controlling tire bounce.
Vertical stiffness of a standard road tire against a flat surface at different inflation pressures. This data is from an
Avon Azaro Sport II 170/60 ZR17. The upward arrows indicate the compression of the tire and the 2nd line with the
downward arrow (shown only at 1.9 bar for clarity) shows the behaviour of the tire when the load is released. The
shaded area between the two lines represents a loss of energy called hysteresis. This acts as a source of suspension
damping and also heats the tire. (From data supplied by Avon tires.)
Lateral stiffness of the same tire shown in fig. 9. The vertical load was constant at 355 kgf. and the wheel was
kept vertical. As expected the tire is somewhat stiffer with the higher inflation pressure but loses grip or saturates at the
lower lateral load of 460 kgf. compared to 490 kgf. at the lower pressure. (From data supplied by Avon tires.)
Contact Area
The tire must ultimately give it's support to the bike through a small area of rubber in contact with the
ground, and so "contact patch area = vertical force ÷ average contact patch surface pressure". This
applies under ALL conditions.
The contact patch surface pressure is NOT however, the same as the inflation pressure, as is
sometimes claimed. They are related but there are at least four factors which modify the relationship.
Carcass stiffness, carcass shape, surface rubber depth and softness, and road surface compliance. If
we have an extremely high carcass stiffness then inflation pressure will have a reduced influence.
Let's look at this in a little more detail and see why:
If a tire was made just like an inner tube, that is from quite thin rubber and with little stiffness unless
inflated, then the internal air pressure would be the only means to support the bike's weight. In this
case the contact patch pressure would be equal to that of the internal air pressure. For an air
pressure of 2 bar and a vertical load of 1.0 kN. Then the contact area would be 5003 sq.mm. If we
now increased the air pressure to say 3 bar the area would fall to 3335 sq.mm.
Let's now imagine that we substitute a rigid steel tubular hoop for our rim and tire, the area in contact
with the ground will be quite small. If we now inflate the hoop with some air pressure, it doesn't take
much imagination to see that, unlike the inner tube, this internal pressure will have a negligible effect
on the external area of contact. Obviously, a tire is not exactly like the steel hoop, nor the inner tube,
but this does show that the carcass rigidity can reduce the contact surface area as calculated purely
from inflation pressure alone.
I did 2 sets of tests. For the first I kept the tire inflation pressure constant at 2.4 bar and varied the tire
load between 178 and 1210 N. (allowing for the weight of the glass and wooden beams). Secondly, I
keep a constant load of 1210 N. and tried varying the inflation pressure between 2.4 to 1 bar.
Even with a generous allowance for experimental error the effects are clear. The graphs show that
the results appeared to fit reasonably well to a smooth line, there wasn't much scatter.
Point (1) on the curve with constant inflation pressure, shows how the actual contact patch pressure is
lower (just over half) than the inflation pressure, or in other words the contact area is greater. This is
due to the rubber surface compliance, thus this is more important at low vertical loads, whereas
carcass stiffness became more important as the load rose as shown by points (3) to (6) where the
actual contact pressure is higher than the air pressure, i.e. reduced area of contact.
Measurement setup. Various weights were placed on the end of a beam, which also loaded the tire via a
thick plate of glass. The beam was arranged to apply the load to the tire with a 4:1 leverage. So a 25
kgf. weight would load the tire with 100 kgf. By tracing over the glass the contact area
was determined.
The top plot shows the measured contact patch pressure at various wheel loads for a constant inflation pressure
of 2.4 bar. The lower curves show the contact pressure at various inflation pressures for a fixed load of 1210 N. The
numbers at the data points correspond with the contact area tracings in the previous sketch. The plain line on each plot
shows the case of the contact patch pressure being equal to the inflation pressure.
The carcass stiffness helps to support the machine as the air pressure is
reduced, the contact patch pressure being considerably higher than the inflation pressure. It looks as
though the two lines will cross at an air pressure of about 3.5 bar. (although this was not tested by
measurement), at which point the surface rubber compression will assume the greatest importance.
This is as per the steel hoop analogy above.
We can easily see the two separate effects of surface compliance and carcass stiffness and how the
relative importance of these varies with load and/or inflation pressure.
These tests were only done with one particular tire, other types will show different detail results but
the overall effects should follow a similar pattern.
Area Under Cornering
Does cornering affect tire contact area?
Let's assume a horizontal surface and lateral acceleration of 1G. Under these conditions the bike/rider
CoG will be on a line at 45° to the horizontal and passing through the contact patch. There will a
resultant force acting along this line through the contact patch of 1.4 times the supported weight.
This force is the resultant of the supported weight and the cornering force, which have the same
magnitude, in this example of a 45° lean. The force normal to the surface is simply that due to the
supported weight and does NOT vary with cornering force. The cornering force is reacted by the
horizontal frictional force generated by the tire/road surface and this frictional force is "allowed" by
virtue of the normal force.
Therefore, to a first approximation cornering force will NOT affect the tire contact area, and in fact this
case could be approximated to, if we were just considering the inner tube without a real world tire.
However in reality, the lateral force will cause some additional tire distortion to take place at the
road/tire interface and depending on the tire characteristics, mentioned above, the contact area may
well change.
Another aspect to this is of course the tire cross-sectional profile. The old Dunlop triangular racing
tire, for example, was designed to put more rubber on the road when leant over, so even without tire
distortion the contact patch area increased, simply by virtue of the lean angle.
by Ray Taylor
http://www.CarsNet.com/motorcycle
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Ray Taylor owns the real world San Diego Auto Swap and also owns http://www.CarsNet.com and http://www.SanDiegoAutoSwap.com
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Friday, January 25, 2013
8th Grade Science Projects Made Simple and Fun
The idea of 8th grade science projects is to use scientific observations and experiments to come to logical conclusions and demonstrate how the conclusions were drawn. Depending on the complexity level and the resources and time that will be required to complete the project, they can be group undertakings or done by individual students. No matter what grade level is participating in science fair projects, they are designed to challenge the abilities of children to experiment as well as extrapolate and explain their scientific ideas.
Science fair projects are often center around biology for a number of reasons. One reason for this is that it's easy for a child to experiment with concepts they can understand. Think about it, humans are also biological beings. Another reason this is a good area to explore is the necessary materials are ready available in most homes. If you encourage your child's natural resourcefulness, you won't have to buy a science kit.
Here are a few good ideas of biology related science projects for 8th grade students to experiment with.
8th Grade Science Projects Made Simple and Fun
Study the Skeletal System
To complete this experiment you might have to find one of those plastic skeletons that are used for Halloween decoration to demonstrate that a baby has more bones than an adult. While babies have 300 bones, adults have just 206. The reason for this is that the fusion of bones in many parts of the body is a natural part of the physical development process that is ongoing from infancy to adulthood.
The entire process of bone fusion can be explained in detail using slide presentations, charts, and labeling the precise parts where fusion takes place on the plastic skeleton.
Study Microorganisms in Soil
These are 8th grade science fair projects, particularly for the child that enjoys gardening. While doing the experiment, your child will have the opportunity to learn how to observe microorganisms using a compound microscope.
To do the experiment, your child will start by collecting four soil samples from four different areas in their neighborhood. Try to choose diverse areas like a riverside, the municipal garden, the woods on the edge of town, and a backyard garden. These are just examples; any samples will do as long as they are different from each other. Remember, for control purposes; take the same amount of soil for each sample.
Each of the soil samples should be placed in a glass jar with the same amount of water added to each sample to make soil solutions. The jars should be tightly close with their lids before they are placed in an area that gets plenty of sunlight for the maximum hours of possible exposure. After ten days time your child will use a compound microscope to study the microorganisms that in the soil. Your child should take detailed notes of their observations in order to draw conclusions on which sample is best for use in gardening.
Study the Effect of Soap on Plants
Other fun 8th grade science projects include studying how soap effects a plants growth. The materials that are needed for this experiment are also easy to assemble. Your child will need four Petri dishes, four filter papers that are used to cover each dish, wheat seeds that will be equally distributed in the dishes, and four different kinds of soap.
First, combine each of the soaps with water before placing each solution in a separate Petri dish. Be sure that the dishes are labeled with kind of soap it holds. Soak the wheat seeds in the solutions over night and add 5-8 drops of the respective soap and water solution to each dish, every day for seven days. Notes should be taken regarding the growth of the seeds in each dish every day. At the end of the week, the notes can be translated into graphs and charts for the presentation.
By using one of these ideas for 8th grade science projects, your child can win that award!
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For more 8th grade science projects and step-by-step instructions, visit http://www.easy-kids-science-experiments.com. Be sure to check out our site for tons of simple science projects elementary science experiments, middle school, and high school science.
© Copyright 2010. Feel free to reprint this article on your site as long as the article is not modified in any way and the resource information (about the author) is listed as above.
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Tuesday, January 22, 2013
The Ways An Air Conditioner Compressor Can Fail, and What To Do About It
Air conditioner compressors usually fail due to one of two conditions: time and hours of operation (wear out), or abuse. There are some failures that can occur elsewhere in the system that will cause a compressor failure, but these are less common unless the system has been substantially abused.
Usually abuse is a result of extended running with improper freon charge, or as a consequence of improper service along the way. This improper service can include overcharging, undercharging, installing the wrong starter capacitor as a replacement, removing (rather than repairing/replacing) the thermal limiter, insufficient oil, mixing incompatible oil types, or wrong oil, installing the compressor on a system that had a major burnout without taking proper steps to remove the acid from the system, installing the wrong compressor (too small) for the system, or installing a new compressor on a system that had some other failure that was never diagnosed.
The compressor can fail in only a handful of different ways. It can fail open, fail shorted, experience a bearing failure, or a piston failure (throw a rod), or experience a valve failure. That is pretty much the entire list.
The Ways An Air Conditioner Compressor Can Fail, and What To Do About It
When a compressor fails open, a wire inside the compressor breaks. This is unserviceable and the symptom is that the compressor does not run, though it may hum. If the compressor fails open, and following the steps here does not fix it, then the system may be a good candidate for a new compressor. This failure causes no further failures and won't damage the rest of the system; if the rest of the system is not decrepit then it would be cost effective to just put a new compressor in.
Testing for a failed open compressor is easy. Pop the electrical cover for the compressor off, and remove the wires and the thermal limiter. Using an ohmmeter, measure the impedance from one terminal to another across all three terminals of the compressor. Also measure the impedance to the case of the compressor for all three terminals.
You should read low impedance values for all terminal to terminal connections (a few hundred ohms or less) and you should have a high impedance (several kilo-ohms or greater) for all terminals to the case (which is ground). If any of the terminal to terminal connections is a very high impedance, you have a failed open compressor. In very rare cases, a failed open compressor may show a low impedance to ground from one terminal (which will be one of the terminals associated with the failed open). In this case, the broken wire has moved and is contacting the case. This condition - which is quite rare but not impossible - could cause a breaker to trip and could result in a misdiagnosis of failed short. Be careful here; do an acid test of the contents of the lines before deciding how to proceed with repair.
When a compressor fails short, what happens is that insulation on the wires has worn off or burned off or broken inside the compressor. This allows a wire on a motor winding to touch something it should not touch - most commonly itself a turn or two further along on the motor winding. This results in a "shorted winding" which will stop the compressor immediately and cause it to heat up and burn internally.
Bad bearings can cause a failed short. Either the rotor wobbles enough to contact the stator, resulting in insulation damage that shorts the rotor either to ground or to the stator, or end bearing wear can allow the stator to shift down over time until it begins to rub against the stator ends or the housing.
Usually when one of these shorts occur, it is not immediately a hard short - meaning that initially the contact is intermittent and comes and goes. Every time the short occurs, the compressor torque drops sharply, the compressor may shudder a bit visibly as a result, and this shudder shakes the winding enough to separate the short. While the short is in place, the current through the shorted winding shoots up and a lot of heat is produced. Also, usually the short will blow some sparks - which produces acid inside the air conditioner system by decomposing the freon into a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid.
Over time (possibly a couple of weeks, usually less) the shuddering and the sparking and the heat and the acid cause insulation to fail rapidly on the winding. Ultimately, the winding loses enough insulation that the inside of the compressor is literally burning. This will only go on for a few minutes but in that time the compressor destroys itself and fills the system with acid. Then the compressor stops. It may at that time melt a wire loose and short to the housing (which can trip your house main breaker) or it may not. If the initial cause of the failure was bad bearings causing the rotor to rub, then usually when the thing finally dies it will be shorted to the housing.
If it shorts to the housing, it will blow fuses and/or breakers and your ohmmeter will show a very low impedance from one or more windings to ground. If it does not short to the housing, then it will just stop. You still establish the type of failure using an ohmmeter.
You cannot directly diagnose a failed short with an ohmmeter unless it shorts to the housing - a shorted winding won't show up with an ohmmeter though it would with an inductance meter (but who has one of those?) Instead, you have to infer the failed short. You do this by establishing the the ohmmeter gives normal readings, the starter capacitor is good, power is arriving at the compressor, AND an acid test of the freon shows acid present.
With a failed short, just give up. Change everything, including the lines if possible. It is not worth fixing; it is full of acid and therefore is all junk. Further, a failed short could have been initially induced by some other failure in the system that caused a compressor overload; by replacing the whole system you also will get rid of that potential other problem.
Less commonly, a compressor will have a bearing failure, piston failure or a valve failure. These mechanical failures usually just signal wear out but could signal abuse (low lubricant levels, thermal limiter removed so compressor overheats, chronic low freon condition due to un-repaired leaks). More rarely, they can signal another failure in the system such as a reversing valve problem or an expansion valve problem that winds up letting liquid freon get into the suction side of the compressor.
If a bearing fails, usually you will know because the compressor will sound like a motor with a bad bearing, or it will lock up and refuse to run. In the worst case, the rotor will wobble, the windings will rub on the stator, and you will wind up with a failed short.
If the compressor locks up mechanically and fails to run, you will know because it will buzz very loudly for a few seconds and may shudder (just like any stalled motor) until the thermal limiter cuts it off. When you do your electrical checks, you will find no evidence of failed open or failed short. The acid test will show no acid. In this case, you might try a hard-start kit but if the compressor has failed mechanically the hard-start kit won't get the compressor to start. In this case, replacing the compressor is a good plan so long as the rest of the system is not decrepit. After replacing the compressor, you must carefully analyze the performance of the entire system to determine whether the compressor problem was induced by something else.
Rarely, the compressor will experience a valve failure. In this case, it will either sit there and appear to run happily but will pump no fluid (valve won't close), or it will lock up due to an inability to move the fluid out of the compression chamber (valve won't open). If it is running happily, then once you have established that there is indeed plenty of freon in the system, but nothing is moving, then you have no choice but to change the compressor. Again, a system with a compressor that has had a valve failure is a good candidate for a new compressor.
Now, if the compressor is mechanically locked up it could be because of a couple of things. If the compressor is on a heat pump, make sure the reversing valve is not stuck half way. Also make sure the expansion valve is working; if it is blocked it can lock the compressor. Also make sure the filter is not clogged. I once saw a system that had a locked compressor due to liquid lock. Some idiot had "serviced" the system by adding freon, and adding freon, and adding freon until the thing was completely full of liquid. Trust me; that does not work.
Should diagnosis show a clogged filter, then this should be taken as positive evidence of some failure in the system OTHER than a compressor failure. Typically, it will be metal fragments out of the compressor that clogs the filter. This can only happen if something is causing the compressor to wear very rapidly, particularly in the pistons, the rings, the bores, and the bearings. Either the compressor has vastly insufficient lubrication OR (and more commonly) liquid freon is getting into the compressor on the suction line. This behavior must be stopped. Look at the expansion valve and at the reversing valve (for a heat pump).
Often an old system experiences enough mechanical wear internally that it is "worn in" and needs more torque to start against the system load than can be delivered. This system will sound just like one with a locked bearing; the compressor will buzz loudly for a few seconds then the thermal limiter will kill it. Occasionally, this system will start right up if you whack the compressor with a rubber mallet while it is buzzing. Such a system is a good candidate for a hard-start kit. This kit stores energy and, when the compressor is told to start, dumps extra current into the compressor for a second or so. This overloads the compressor, but gives some extra torque for a short time and is often enough to make that compressor run again. I have had hard-start kits give me an extra 8 or 9 years in some old units that otherwise I would have been replacing. Conversely, I have had them give only a few months. It is your call, but considering how cheap a hard-start kit is, it is worth trying when the symptoms are as described.
And this, in a nutshell, is what can happen to an air conditioner compressor and what you can do about it.
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Jim Locker holds advanced degrees in physics, has designed and developed computer systems and software for over 30 years, and was a landlord for 20 years running up to a couple of hundred properties. He presently works as an independent computer systems consultant and works for Just So Software, Inc. whose site is here
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Sunday, January 20, 2013
Definition of Forensic Science
Forensics is a field of science dedicated to the methodical gathering and analysis of evidence to establish facts that can be presented in a legal proceeding. Though crime scenes and laboratories are perhaps, most often associated with forensics, there is also computer or network forensics, forensic accounting, forensic engineering and forensic psychiatry, among other specialized fields that are today an integral part of forensics. In the United States of America, forensics was a fairly obscure topic for the general public until the double-murder trial of Orenthal James Simpson in 1995. In the historic case that gripped the entire nation, weeks of testimony were heard on DNA blood evidence, shoeprint evidence, fiber evidence and other forensics. Since then, a bevy of forensics-based television shows have regularly topped the ratings, making it a household word.
Those who collect forensic evidence must follow strict procedures to protect the evidence from getting contaminated or destroyed, and must preserve the chain of custody. Since science is unbiased and sound, forensics is considered a very critical part of any investigation. While witnesses may often be mistaken, have credibility issues, hold a stake in the outcome, have fading memories, or even pass away, forensics "tells the same story" no matter how many times it is tested, or how many years have passed.
The field of forensics is so vast that it requires specialists or criminalists at every point of investigation, from tire track analysis, to odontology, to the lands and grooves that make every gun barrel unique. From microscopic evidence and transfer evidence such as fibers and hair, to blood splatter and forensic entomology, there are many fields of specialization within forensic science.
Definition of Forensic Science
Though forensics deals with circumstantial evidence, it is often widely considered as the best and the most compelling evidence that any prosecution or defense lawyer can have in his or her arsenal. Some people suggest that the public's awareness of forensic science might be potentially compromising to law enforcement, producing educated criminals who might be more apt to try and effect a clean crime scene. Experts generally tend to believe that it is nearly impossible to avoid leaving behind trace evidence at a crime scene, even when extraordinary efforts are made to the contrary.
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Forensic Science [http://www.e-ForensicScience.com] provides detailed information on Forensic Science, Forensic Science Degrees, Forensic Science Colleges, Forensic Science Schools and more. Forensic Science is affiliated with Biotechnology Careers [http://www.i-Biotechnology.com].
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Monday, January 14, 2013
An Analysis of 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night' From TS Eliot's Prufrock and Other Observations
T.S. Eliot is regarded as an extremely important modernist writer. He inaugurated a range of narrative and stylistic techniques which exercised a considerable influence over modernism in literature. This article explores the poem 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night', from Eliot's Prufrock and Other Observations, concentrating primarily on the concept of time and how it figures in the poem.
Time is undeniably associated with notions of present and past, and it plays a significant role in 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night', hereafter in this article referred to as 'Rhapsody'. The modernist interest in time could be argued to be partially determined by earlier scientific discoveries. The concept of time itself had been in the throes of change since the sixteenth century. However the plethora of scientific explorations and discoveries in the nineteenth century seemed to herald a new age in science. While Eliot was engaged in writing the Prufrock poems, advances in theoretical physics, such as Einstein's formulation of the Special Theory of Relativity, were transforming the understanding of time as a physical measure. However, in regards to Eliot's own interests in time, it was the French philosopher Henri Bergson who exerted the most immediate influence.
While he was still residing in America, a young Eliot made extensive visits to Europe where he attended lectures given by Bergson. The philosopher's theories on time and his attempts at defining the nature of past, present, and future manifest themselves in several of the Prufrock poems, especially 'Rhapsody', which is usually regarded as reworking some of Bergson's ideas; therefore an understanding of them is useful when evaluating Eliot's own attitudes to the present. Most of Bergson is extremely difficult to comprehend so it is beneficial to attempt a summary of his ideas before analysing how they are represented in Eliot's poetry. In his Creative Evolution (1907) and Matter and Memory (1896) - two works Eliot was familiar with while composing the Prufrock poems - Bergson set out to define the nature of time and consciousness as experienced by human beings. He arrived at an idea he called 'le duree', meaning 'duration', a metaphysical construct which considers evolution and consciousness to be underlain by a constant flow of moments that cannot be measured by clock time. In Creative Evolution, Bergson proposed the notion that an individual's natural state is change, asserting that all feelings and ideas are undergoing constant change.
An Analysis of 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night' From TS Eliot's Prufrock and Other Observations
Bergson thought that an individual's memory forms a large part of this process, with past memories constantly resurfacing in a person's consciousness. It is this perpetual resurfacing of the past that plays a central role in 'Rhapsody', where, while wandering around a desolate environment, the protagonist experiences a variety of seemingly fragmented memories. In Matter and Memory Bergson endeavoured to evaluate the nature of consciousness and its inextricable association with time. This was accomplished by attempting to define the relationship between past, present and future. Bergson considered the true essence of time is its transitory nature. This presents a problem in identifying the exact point that could be considered 'the present'. Bergson concedes that what we identify as the present is formed by sensations deriving from the past and actions directed towards the future, and it is this inherent duality that informs much of the content of 'Rhapsody'.
The poem is located in an urban environment, a setting characteristic of much modernist poetry. As with the other Prufrock poems, a defining feature of 'Rhapsody' is Eliot's perfection of a highly original and distinctly modern poetic voice. It is important to acknowledge that this poet persona is not intended to represent T.S. Eliot himself, but is instead a fictional construction that brings together the formal and thematic qualities of the poem. This particular poetic consciousness belongs to an alienated individual who recounts their experiences while wandering around a desolate city after midnight. The use of the word 'rhapsody' in the poem's title is somewhat ironic, in that we normally associate this word with 'enthusiasm' or 'extravagance'; the observations and recollections that the poet persona experiences appear more to do with degradation and futility, and the prevailing tone is generally bleak and depressing.
The poet persona in 'Rhapsody' is typified by a lack of control, predominantly illustrated by the seeming random appearance of memories. This pervasive sense of involuntariness acts in part as a poetic expression of Bergson's theories. Bergson's notion of the body acting as a conduit for a range of sensations deriving from a person's past experience is evinced in the lines 'The memory throws up high and dry / A crowd of twisted things'. In choosing to say 'the memory' instead of 'my memory', adds to the divided quality of the protagonist, as if he were composed of separated parts rather than being whole.
The reader gathers that the protagonist of 'Rhapsody' has little to no control over this incessant flow of resurfacing memories. Eliot illustrates this unpredictably of memory in several lines but perhaps most notably in the bizarre image of 'a madman shakes a dead geranium'. The geraniums become a symbol for the involuntariness of the poet persona's memory in the later lines 'The reminiscence comes / Of sunless dry geraniums'.
The street lamps the poet persona encounters play a key role in the poem. They are personified - a device that contributes to the protagonist's fragmented and dissociated nature - in the second stanza, with the lines 'The street-lamp sputtered / The street-lamp muttered / The street-lamp said'. Eliot accomplishes this disjointed effect by having the poet persona's perceptions depicted as observations from the street-lamps. For example, in the second stanza the protagonist is instructed by the street lamp to observe a woman, while in the fourth and fifth stanzas they are directed to look at a cat, and then the moon, respectively. These urban sightings are deliberately seedy and depressing: the woman is clearly a prostitute; the cat is described as slipping out its tongue to devour 'a morsel of rancid butter' - an act the reader assumes to be a subtle reflection on the protagonist's own futile existence; while the moon is delineated in the most unflattering, anti-romantic hue: 'A washed-out smallpox cracks her face'. These images and those from the protagonist's memory are juxtaposed with the inexorable march of clock time, illustrated by the stark fact that most of the stanzas begin by informing the reader of the actual time.
The concept of time plays an important role in 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night'. As this article has illustrated, the notion of the present is multifaceted, when Eliot's interpretation of the theories of Henri Bergson is taken into account.
An Analysis of 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night' From TS Eliot's Prufrock and Other Observations Check For The New Release in Health, Fitness & Dieting Category of Books NOW!
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